Phylogenetic
Methods

Phylogenetics
Main Page

Input-output
Data

Data Conversion

Algorithms

Software Use

An Alternative
Approach

Bibliography

Background information

• A very preliminary (and too long) draft of Andersen's paper on The Tree of Industrial Life: An Approach to the Systematics and Evolution of Industry [rev. 29 Nov 02]
• A somewhat more focussed version of the above paper called The Evolving Tree of Industrial Life: An Approach to the Transformation of European Industry [rev. 14 Jan 03]. See also the related slides
• A draft paper on the modelling of branching economic evolution - called Specialisation, Knowledges and Economic Evolution: An Evolutionary Theory of the Division of Human Time [rev. 4 Jul 02]
• A page on the algorithms for tree reconstruction
• Some references to the phylogenetic literature in molecular biology and biological systematics
• A page on the data conversion and software use
• A page on the the main source for the data of the explorative study: the OECD's STAN/IO database classificartion
• A page on converted industrial characteristics based on input-output data for US 1972, and some related discussion
• A page on an alternative, organisation-oriented approach to tree reconstruction

Data of industrial characteristics formatted for phylogenetic analysis

• Data on the characteristics of apes (mitochondrial DNA), from GenBank - cf. Kumar and Nei (2000), pp. 90-92.
  • DNA sequences for humans and 4 species of apes -- MEGA2 | MEGA1 | Simple table
• Data on the characteristics of automobile assembly organisations, cf. the literature on the cladistics approach.
  • Characteristics of 16 forms of automobile assembly -- MEGA2 | MEGA1 | Simple table
• Data on the characteristics of industries, based on the OECD/STAN input-output database.
  US input-output characteristics for 23 industries (CIIO)
  • Data for 1972 -- MEGA2 | MEGA1 | Simple table
  • Data for 1990 -- MEGA2 | MEGA1 | Simple table
  Comments:
  • Initial experiments are performed by means of industrial characteristics derived from input-output tables. A nice set of raw tables can presently be downloaded freely (in Lotus wk1 format) from the OECD/STAN input-output tables.
  • The characteristics have been converted for use by phylogenetic software. To give a quick impression there is a table with example data and some related discussion. Several characteristics sequences for an individual industry i have sometimes been concatenated. If we call the input charecteristics sequence CI[i] and CO[i] is the sequence of output characteristics, then CIO[i] is the concatenated sequences. Similarly we construct CIIO[i], etc. It is also possible to combine sequences for different years and different countries, like CIO[US72,i]xCIO[US90,i] or CIO[US72,i]xCIO[UK68,i].

• PAUP* Version 4: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (a commercial package for MacIntosh and Windows, not used)

• PHYLIP: Phylogenetic Inference Package, Version 3.6 (a free package for Unix, Windows and MacIntosh, not used)

• MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution (a commercial program for MacIntosh applied for the project's file conversions, etc.)

• TreeView: Tree drawing software (free tool for Windows and MacIntosh, used in the project)

• MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (free tool for Windows; the main tool of the project)
  • Standard reference: S. Kumar, K. Tamura, I. B. Jakobsen and M. Nei (2001), MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Software, Bioinformatics, Vol. 17, pp. 1244-1245.

  A screenshot of MEGA2 (cf. algorithms and options and features of the software):

  

Example results produced with MEGA2

• Do you want to produce one of the following results yourself?
  • Download and install MEGA2, download one of the MEGA2 data files, run MEGA2, activate the data file, change to Distances/Choose Model/Nucleotides/No. of differences (or p-distances), and choose the algorithm froim the Phylogeny menu. Then you get one of the following trees.

• Naive phylograms of apes by the minimum evolution method - using the simple number of differences between the sequences. Based on mitochondrial DNA.

  (a) The basic structure of the tree

  

  (b) The distances between the species and their reconstructed ancestors

  

• Phylogram/cladogram of automobile assembly organisations by the maximum parsimony method method. Based on 44 automobile assembly characteristics.

  

• Naive phylogram/phenogram of industries based on a limited number of industrial characteristics. From input-output data.

  Example tree by the cluster analysis method (UPGMA) from the CIIO characteristics data for 23 industries for US 1990.

  

  Comment: The tree demonstrates that no simple interpretation is possible. The poorness of the data (only 2 x 35 characteristics) and the inclusion of industries at several levels of aggregation bring surprising industries together (like food and drugs). The project tries to find better data that reveals both deeper similarities and evolutionary history.

• The OECD/STAN version of the ISIC classification of industries (drawn by MacClade)

  The above example industry tree may be compared with the tree below that depicts the hierarchy that is implicit in the ISIC classification system (see the page on the classification).